Leadership, Effective Leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leadership, Effective Leaders - Essay Example It is importnt tht competing demnds nd pproches not prlyze mngers but insted provide cumultive nd integrtive improvements to ledership effectiveness. In view of bove, current pper provides impiricl pproch towrd the concpet of ledership. Bsing on the book of Chrles Mnz nd Henry Sims, The New SuperLedership, where the principl of self-ledership is peoneered, present discussion covers theorieticl review nd prcticl impliction of types of ledership. It is the im of this pper to present new content nd exmples designed to help leders develop the kind of utonomous, quick-recting workforce necessry to thrive in these turbulent times. I first introduce the theory of ledership styles. Through the discussion of two types of ledrship, I grdully comme to the discussion of effective ledership techniques nd end up with personl model of ledership. Using the exmples of two leders this pper is gret reflection of efficient nd inefficient pproch to ledership. Drwing on contemporry exmples nd profiles, mny from the high-tech nd informtion sectors, Mnz nd Sims shtter the myth of the trditionl, ggrndized versions of "heroic" ledership. They show tht leder truly becomes successful by turning followers into extrordinry self-leders-pillrs of strength tht will support the orgniztion t every level. They detil series of ction-oriented steps through which the SuperLeder provides n opportunity for followers to express nd develop their own ledership skills-nd in the process become highly motivted, dynmic contributors. The typology of ledershi introduced by uthors describes four brod ledership rchetypes: strongmn, trnsctor, visionry hero, nd SuperLeder. The strongmn relies on uthority nd coercion to mke subordintes perform the tsks. Coercion, s mens of influencing the behvior of others, depends upon the expecttion of specified positive or negtive consequences. Coercive power requires tht the expecttion of consequences be reproduced consistently. The continued ppliction of these consequences is usully enough to ensure tht others' behvior will continue to be influenced. Coercion is esy to estblish but costly to mintin since the expecttions of others must be met if their behvior is going to be influenced beyond the previous instnce. uthority is the opposite: it is difficult to estblish but once in plce it is highly effective mens of influencing behvior since specific consequences, nd the inculction of the expecttion of them, re not required. While often considered relic of pst mngeril prctice, mny contemporry leders still employ this uthoritrin style. The trnsctor uses rewrds nd snctions to motivte employees. Positive reinforcement not only shpes behvior but lso teches nd in the process enhnces personl self-imge s Chrles Mnz nd Henry Sims note, the wy the reinforcement is crried out is more importnt thn the mount. First, it ought to be specific, incorporting s much informtion content s possible. Second, the reinforcement should hve immedicy. Third, the system of feedbck mechnisms should tke ccount of chievbility. Compnies should rewrd smll wins. Good news swpping is common in the excellent compnies. The fourth chrcteristic is tht fir mount of the feedbck comes in the form of intngible but meningful ttention from top mngement. The third type, visionry hero, uses inspirtion nd vision to motivte employees. SuperLeders ccomplish this by encourging individuls to set their own gols, monitor

Principles Of Auditing - Apple vs. Samsung Lawsuit Essay - 1

Principles Of Auditing - Apple vs. Samsung Lawsuit - Essay Example olen certain software and infringed patent as well as trademark while designing Galaxy line of mobile products (Chen, â€Å"Apple to Samsung: Stop Stealing Ideas†). Based on the above analysis, the essay tends to analyse the general story or the case of Apple vs. Samsung Lawsuit with respect to patent along with trademark infringement and stealing of certain software designs as well as features. The case relating to the lawsuit, which was filed by Apple, accusing Samsung to be involved in stealing its certain software and perpetrating trademark along with patent infringement, in the month of April’ 2011 and ended in the year 2013. Thus, with this concern, it can be asserted that the case has lasted for around 2 years and 8 months and at the end Apple was awarded with over $1 billion for the lawsuit filed against Samsung (Sandoval, â€Å"The ABCs of Apple v. Samsung†). One of the prime reasons or causes for Apple to file a court case not in favour of Samsung for stealing numerous chief iOS design elements and features that are utilised by the company at the time of making its Galaxy product line of tablets as well as smartphones. Apart from this, Apple claimed that Samsung has also stolen certain business ideas along with technologies of Apple while designing its iPad and iPhone product line. This is also a reason for Apple to file a lawsuit in opposition to Samsung in the year 2011, which lasted till the year 2013. However, on part of Samsung, it countersued Apple for the reason of violating a few of its patents or in precise being committed of patent infringement. Identifiably, both the two companies remained much concerned about what instructions the Judge will provide the jury relating to the lawsuit filed by both the companies against one another (Epstein, â€Å"These Are the 5 iOS Features Apple Claims Samsung Stole†; Sandoval,  "The ABCs of Apple v. Samsung†). After acquiring a brief idea about various causes or reasons of filing a lawsuit by Apple

The Globalisation Issue In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

The Globalisation Issue In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Globalisation is a key issue  for the  hospitality industry. Identify and critique up to three impacts of  globalisation on the hospitality industry and discuss strategies that hotel companies may implement to address globalisation. Abstract  Globalisation is becoming increasing important these years in international hotel industry. In this essay, a literature review has been conducted to identify 3 impacts of  globalisation on the hospitality industry. When hotels flag their properties in a new country, they must localise their products and services in order to adapt the culture traditions of that country. Thinking global and acting local (glocal) is vital strategy for no matter big or small hotel companies. Besides the glocal strategy, differentiation strategy is also useful for hotel companies to become competitive in the global environment. Hall (1997) indicates that globalization has become a key concept in business, economic and political activities since 1990s. The hospitality industry is often regarded as one of the most global in the service industry (Litteljohn, 1997). Nowadays, more and more people are traveling around the world, when they are far from their home they need a place to stay, a bed to sleep, food to eat. They might end up choosing hotels. This is where the hospitality industry comes into play (Frink, 2009); this is why hotels are everywhere. Due to the fast increase of tourism and business activities around the globe, in every corner of the world, there must be hotels such as Hilton, Marriot, and Westin. Go Pine (1995) state that the hospitality industry is a subsector of the travel and tourism sector, and one of the most rapidly expanding fields in the service sector. This article is going to identify and review 3 impacts of globalisation on the hospitality industry. And discuss strategies that ho tel companies may implement including standardisation and localisation strategies and differentiation strategies when they enter into the globalisation. Frink (2009) described globalisation as the process of companies developing their business or operations overseas. It has several impacts on the hospitality industry. First of all, it forces hotel companies to choose best locations all over the world to expand their properties. Location is essential to a hotel, no matter whose target market is business travelers or tourists. Johnson Vanetti (2005) state that the size and nature of the place in which the hotel is located are seen to be the most important factor for big or small chains. The famous tourism destinations and CBD of a city are the best choice for hotel groups to develop their properties. However, when those areas are not in their own country, or when they want to flag their hotels as many as possible, hotels have to globalise. There is a good example of how a good location can benefit a hotels business. Hyatt group has one hotel in shanghai which name is Grand Hyatt Shanghai, it is located in the centre of the Lujiazui bu siness district, and occupies 53rd to 87th floors of the Jin Mao Tower building (Hyatt, 2010). Jin Mao Tower building is a business building as famous in shanghai as the World Trade Center in New York. There are many 500 fortune companies in this building, when those big and wealthy companies have employees or clients come from other world to visit shanghai, Hyatt is the first hotel on their list. This is part of the reason why Grand Hyatt always has the highest RevPAR (revenue per available room) in Shanghai. Reversely, wrong location will lead hotels to failure. For example, The Ritz-Carlton Lake Las Vegas closed on  May 2, 2010 after several years struggle, this was the first time for the reputable Ritz-Carlton brand and this negative record will have inevitably impact on this brand in the future. Ritz-Carlton Lake Las Vegas locates in the suburb of Las Vegas, though it was a luxurious and high-end resort hotel, people come to Vegas for a much more exciting and lively vacation (Hernandez, 2010). The next impact of globalisation is economics, which is also very important. There is only so much of the market share a hotel company can get by staying local or in their own country. Frink (2009) states that globalisation enables hotel companies to expand their business to other countries to gain additional market share. The more properties the hotel group has, the more customers it might have, thus the more opportunities for them to gain more profit. Frink also states that many hotel companies go global mainly because they desire to achieve a larger customer base. Ohmae (1989) claimed that big companies must become more global if they want to compete, they must view the whole world as one single borderless marketplace (as cited in Vignali, 2001). Most big hotel group such as Intercontinental, Marriott, Hilton and Hyatt are surviving even when economic crises come because they have globalized. According to Hotels Giants Survey 2008, Intercontinental has hotel in 100 countries, whic h is the most, followed by Starwood, which has establishments in 95 countries and Accor has hotels in 90 countries. A great number of hotel companies are forced to globalize in order to remain competitive, otherwise they can not survive, and they should always expand their business to make progress and keep pace with the rivalry. Generally speaking, the more places of business that a hotel company has, the better chances for the hotel company to be successful in the hospitality industry (Frink, 2009). In terms of cost economies, quantity buying can always reduce purchasing cost, thats why many international hotel companies set up their central procurement department to sign global contracts with suppliers and do the centralized purchasing  for their respective establishments in the meantime maintain the same standard. The third impact of globalisation on the hospitality industry is culture. The world is a global village and difference places have different culture and traditions. Frink (2009) mentioned that globalisation makes hotel companies adapt different culture and alter their approaches when they enter a new country. Expansion to a country with totally different culture is a big risk to most hotel companies, they must consider the different cultures in the destination image of the places, what cuisine the locals or natives have and what types of foods are forbidden due to the religion or law when they are trying to sell their products. Frink (2009) also mentioned that hotel companies must understand the difference in currency and the difference in language. For example, Hilton Tokyo Bay Hotel located in Japan cannot have too many English speaking front office receptionists, who can not speak Japanese, in order to serve local Japanese guests. There must be someone there who knows how to speak Japanese to effectively serve the guests. And they will have local employees who understand the local culture and speak the native language to serve the native guests. Frink indicated that globalisation forces companies adapt different cultural perspectives; if a company refuses to adapt it might lose. Globalisation also brings culture diversity to the industry, which is always a positive thing and it also brings hotel companies more understanding of the perspectives of different cultures, which help them to do better. Besides those above three impacts, Frink (2009) also mentioned other impacts, for example, globalisation in hospitality industry has created more job opportunities help with the growth and stability of the hospitality industry. When hotel companies entered into globalisation, it actually becomes survival of the fittest. Strong businesses will survive and become stronger and the weak ones will be eliminated and fade away. Frink (2009) states that globalisation requires adjusting and evaluation of various factors. Harvey (2007) indicated that hotel companies need to keep the same standard in each and every establishment because customer loyalty will depend on whether a hotel can deliver the brand promise consistently throughout their hotel experience. In the mean time, the companies need to think appropriate ways to present their products to different cultures, which means they really must use and balance the standardisation and localisation strategies. Rutihinda Elimimian (2002) indicated that standardisation requires operations with resolute constancy, providing same things in the same way everywhere, while localisation needs adjusting of products and practices in every single place. It is not so easy to b alance the two exactly opposite strategies. However, both of them are equally important. In another word, hotel companies must think global and act local. This concept is becoming increasingly vital for hotel companies no matter big or small, to remain competitive. The term glocalisation used by Salazar (2005) perfectly expresses the concept think global and act local, it helps one to take hold of the many interconnections between the standardisation and the localisation strategies. Peters and Frehse (2005) stated that already in the 1970s international hotel companies tried to use standardisation strategy in their services with an appropriate consistency in terms of quality. Whitla et al. (2007) state that standardisation makes a hotel brand recognizable and that is what people are looking for, the consistency and the predictability especially for business travelers. However, Whitla et al. (2007) also mentioned that hotel chains need to balance the provision of a standardized level of service and amenities with customers tastes or preferences in some degree of local adaptation. Frink (2009) found hotel companies, when they decide to globalise into foreign countries, are faced with many barriers to overcome, such as language, funding, competition, and cultural differences Sometimes it is very hard for a hotel company to enter a new country, especially when the new county has a totally different culture and tradition. For example, alcohol is forbidden in muslin s ocieties, Indians dont eat beef, gambling is illegal in many countries. Whitla et al. (2007) believe that adaptation is required for many reasons including consumer interests, laws, culture and traditions. For instance, hotels in western countries often rely on accommodation revenues to make profit, whereas hotels in Asia count on food charges. Asian hotels therefore need to focus more on offer more and larger restaurant outlets, targeting local diners as well as overnight foreign guests. Rutihinda Elimimian (2002) mentioned that many hotel companies who localised their marketing strategies and products have been successful. However, some others fail due to their applications of wrong implementation strategies and insensitivity to the consumer culture of the country. Czinkota Ronnenken (1995) emphasized that glocalisation in the marketing plans is essential and vital to suit local tastes, to meet special needs and consumers non-identical requirements (as cited in Vignali, 2001). B esides, some customers, especially tourists are looking for local flavor in hotels (Armstrong et al., 1997), which means hotels design could reflect the destination image (Hawkins, 2007). In term of this, the famous 7-star hotel Burj al Arab has got great success, the hotel were designed in the shape of a billowing Arabian dhow sail, it represents a significant tribute to the nations seafaring heritage (Jumeirah, nd). It has already become the icon of Dubai, the destination image of Dubai, and the hotel itself became the tourist attraction of the country. Besides hotel design, Heide et al. (2007) believes hotel ambience is also very important part of the glocalisation, because ambience is a key success factor that is directly linked to financial consequences. It is worth mentioning that Human resource management (HRM) also needs to use glocalisation strategy in the hospitality industry. HRM departments are the spine of every organization; they must learn and understand the employee rights and laws for not only their home companies, but for all of their establishments around the world. Different countries have different employee rights and labor laws. Frink (2009) states the hospitality industry Human resource managers must be very careful of these employee rights and labor laws or it could cost those hotels millions in fines and penalties. Nowadays many hotels are localised in term of staffing. Local staff members know their own culture very well and they can speak local language to serve local guests while having multilingual staff is better to serve the guests from all over the world. Harvey (2007) mentioned it is always good to have staff from different counties which brings diversity, but they have different beliefs, background, custo ms and traditions. How to think global and act local when dealing culture differences is a challenge that HR managers need to conquer. Sometimes hotels glocalisation strategies are still not enough, especially for the purpose to attract leisure guests. Ghemawat (1991) stated that when tourists travel to another place to spend a vacation, they want to experience difference and try something new. Otherwise they lose fun when they stay at the hotel. Nowadays the global competitions between hotels are getting fiercer; some hotel companies are using differentiation strategies in order to succeed. Rutihinda Elimimian (2002) stated that differentiation strategy is based on the ability to provide guests with distinct products or services. Ghemawat (1991) stated that these special and distinctive attributes make them unique in the eyes of their guests (as cited in Rutihinda Elimimian, 2002). For example, there is a hotel in America called Dog Bark Park Inn, the hotel looks like a giant beagle. Guests sleep and have breakfast in the body of the beagle. For another example, in German there is a hotel which name is Alcatraz H otel, it used to be a prison, the owner kept the original spirit of the building, so every guestroom is like a cell, and the toilet is just next to the bed. Guests also get striped pajamas instead of a normal bath robe which makes them look like prisoners, the only difference between this hotel and a real prison is seem like guests can leave it whenever they want. The more special one is a hotel made of real ice, it sounds unbelievable but it is true, its called the Ice Hotel in Canada, this hotel has become world- famous for winter experience. The architecture of the hotel including artwork and furniture carved form ice blocks. Most guests believe this hotel is amazing and beautiful and the experience is special and enjoyable. These successful stories have told us, the hoteliers must not only think and act glocal, but also think difference. In conclusion, Globalisation has become a key issue  for the  hospitality industry. It is the process of hotel companies expanding their business or operations to foreign markets, and taking their business to new heights. This literature review addressed three impacts of  globalisation on the hospitality industry including location, economics and culture. Globalisation enables hotel companies to choose locations all over the world to expand their business. If businesses expand, the hospitality industry will expand with it. Globalisation helps hotel companies to gain other market share and thus gain more profit and reduce purchasing cost through quantity buying or centralised purchasing. Besides globalisation also causes hotel companies to consider different cultures and traditions when they enter a new country and bring culture diversity into the industry which is always a positive thing. When hotel enter into globalisation, they should use standardisation and localisation stra tegies which means they should keep the same standard in terms of service and quality while altering their service and product to adapt to the different culture and traditions. The concept Thinking global and acting local (or thinking glocal) is essential for hotel companies development. Besides, using differentiation strategies is also a good way to become competitive. Differentiation strategy is about providing guests with distinct products or services. These unique and distinctive attributes make them attractive in the eyes of their guests.

Libertarians Unethical in Respect to Poverty Essay -- Libertarian Polit

Poverty in the United States has long been a social, political, and human rights issue. Few people would say that it is not our moral duty, as social human beings to take care of those less fortunate than ourselves, to the best of our ability. I say "few" because there are some people out there who believe that we have no moral obligation to do anything outside of ourselves. These types of people have what is called a "libertarian" viewpoint. There is really no specific definition of "libertarian", but it is associates "justice with liberty and†¦liberty itself with the absence of interference by other persons." In relation to the matter at hand, specifically poverty in America, libertarians are against taxing the affluent or forcing people to aid the starving and poor. One of the most influential libertarians of our time is Professor Robert Nozik. His theory of justice begins with the premise that all people have "Lockean rights", which require that we refrain from interfering with others. Other than this we have no obligation to do anything positive for anyone else, and likewise, they have no obligation towards us. These rights are natural or inalienable because all humans have them and they do not come from any social or political institutions. These rights forbid us from interfering with a person's liberty even if it would promote some general good, or prevent another's rights from being violated. Overall, the general idea is that people have the liberty to live a life free from intervention of others, and can lead their life however they so choose. In addition, he says that if a person acquired their fortune or possessions without harming, defrauding, or violating the rights of any others, then it is morally perm... ...down to it, we are all the same. Some people have been fortunate enough to grow up in an environment that is financially, emotionally, and spiritually stable. Some people have not been so fortunate. Does this mean that they should not be given the opportunity to try to make something of themselves so that they can change their respective situation? A society that employs a libertarian point of view is one that is regressing, not progressing. In India, the system of social classes is still in effect. Whichever class a person is born into is the class that they remain a part of†¦forever. Such a system offers no opportunity for advancement, and essentially is an example of a belief in the predestination of all people. It is sad to think that in a society as advanced as the United States, there are still those among us who would employ such systems, if possible.

Ap Euro Notes

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY NOTES- Filled with silliness and inside jokes, enjoy at your leisure 🙂 If something is in [] brackets, it is only written in there for our pleasure, ignore it if you are looking for actual information. †¢ 7: The Renaissance and Reformation- 1350-1600 Key:UMSUniversal o Georgio Vasari- Rinascita=rebirth (like Renaissance) painter/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism: People sought to receive personal credit for achievements, unlike medieval ideal of â€Å"all glory goes to god† Names Ideas o Renaissance: Began in Italian city-states, a cause de invention of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy: City states, under HRE (Holy Roman Empire) o For alliances: ? old nobility vs. wealthy merchants FIGHT P-Prussia ?Popolo: third class, â€Å"the people†, wanted own share of wealth/power R-Russia A-Austria ? Ciompi Revolts: 1378 Florence, Popolo were revolting [eew], brief period of control over gover nment B-Britain ? Milan taken over by signor (which is a tyrant) †¢ Under control of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Significant because after this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e. g. Medici) o Humanism: Francesco Petrarch (Sonnets), came up with term â€Å"Dark Ages†, began to study classical world of rhetoric and literature ?Cicero: Important Roman, provided account of collapse of Roman Republic [like Edward Gibbon], invented Ciceronian style: Latin style of writing which humanists followed †¢ [Even though they weren’t in Rome, Humanists did as the Romans do] ? Despite being accused of following Pagan culture, Petrarch talked a lot about universality Civic Humanists: Politicians/ diplomats, utilized public education for common good Plato: Studying Greek allowed enlightened people to observe platonic ideals [also, big fat weddings] ? ? †¢ e. g. Platonic view of human potential: observed by Pico della Mirandola, who gave oration on the di gnity of man ?Castiglione: wrote The Courtier, about what we would call a â€Å"renaissance man†: knew languages, classical literature, and artsy stuff -12009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Lorenzo Valla wrote about Donation of Constantine: Document where Constantine took control of the Christian empire, said it was a fake because the word fief was not invented yet. †¢ Analyzed The Vulgate Bible, said Jerome mistranslated from Greek! [silly Jerome] ? Leonardo Bruni [like Carla Bruni]- created education for women, though †¢ Left public speech out of curriculum, because â€Å"women had no outlet to use these skills† [oh. Silly women. ? o o Christine de Pisan wrote The City of Ladies, countered notion of inferiority, [but this was soon proven false. ] Middle Ages: Paintings were fresco [fresca] on plaster, Tempera on wood Renaissance Art ? Chiaroscuro: [Not at all like Mr. Carrasco]: Contrast between light/dark to make 3D images Single-poi nt perspective- everything converges to a point at infinity †¢ More realism than in Dark Ages art ? ? ? ? Filippo Brunelleschi- dome at cathedral of Florence High renaissance- Rome replaces Florence as center of art Religious people in Florence do not like new style, but Popes (Julius II) liked â€Å"to beautify [bootify? their city† Late Renaissance/Mannerism- distorted figures and confusing themes reflected growing crisis in Italy High Renaissance Artists ? ? †¢ †¢ Leonardo da Vinci- Military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, inventor, Mona Lisa Raphael- from Urbino, commissioned for Vatican palaces, images of Jesus and Mary, School of Athens shows Plato + Aristotle [kissing? ] in single point perspective Michelangelo- David commissioned by Florence as propaganda work against Milan [maybe it was the genitalia. , Sistine Chapel for Julius II, tomb for Julius II [Splinter- Trainer of the Ninja Turtles] †¢ †¢ o Northern Renaissance ? Questions concerning religion- study early Christian authors -22009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erasmus + More- Christian humanists criticized church, horrified that Martin Luther did not find ways to better the Catholic church †¢ Desiderius Erasmus- coined â€Å"Where there is smoke there is a fire† in his book Adages, also wrote Praise of Folly= Satire to criticize church, wanted to reform church instead of abandoning it like [Lex?No. ] Luther Sir Thomas More- Utopia, meaning ‘nowhere’, executed for not recognizing Henry VIII as head of the church of England ([ut he could have just forgotten his glasses] †¢ ? Art †¢ †¢ †¢ Albrecht Duror- woodcuts in support of Luther’s revolution Chaucer- Canterbury Tales based The Decameron William Shakespeare- [about whom we know nothing] only primary school education, examined human psyche and dramatic intensity in his work, contemporaries= Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson, [ wooer of beautiful History teachers] Printing Press with movable type- Johannes Gutenberg, 200 bibles, went broke after making his bibles as ornate as handwritten ones, sillllllllly †¢ †¢ †¢ Movable type created rapid spread of information Informed people of religious debates Made churches’ monopoly over bible interpretations VEXING o Protestant Reformation [complex and compelling! ] ? Humanism- led individuals to question traditional ideas of salvation [but not salivation] Problems facing El Churcho ? †¢ †¢Black Death- â€Å"ferocious outbreak of the black plague†, [not related to black people] Anticlericalism- movement disrespecting clergy arising from poor performance of clergymen during the plague, and in fact, that such a plague could befall so many people Pietism- [DELICIOUS] direct relationship between the individual and god, reducing the need for a hierarchical church Babylonian Captivity and corruption in general within the church Poor ly educated lower clergy, often a result of simony- the sale of church office †¢ †¢ †¢ 32009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? John Wycliff- had some no nos: †¢ No no: wealth of church No no: transubstantiation- the belief that bread and wine are Jesus’ body and blood [Wait, did Catholics support heathen cannibalism? What. ] No no: indulgences- selling of salvation by the church/no waiting in Purgatory, began during crusades to get knights [but was a popular sin for ages] â€Å"urged his followers (known for unclear reasons as the Lollards) [lololol] to read the bible and to interpret it themselves† Translated bible into English †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ?Jan Hus- Bohemia, Rector of University of Prague said bible was > church, called before council in Constance, promised safe passage there, but burnt at the stake [medium-rare] Martin Luther [not to be confused with Martin Postumus] [actually, feel free to confuse him wi th Martin Posthumus. Next time you see Martin, ask him about sacraments. ] – does not like indulgences, 95 Theses @ Wittenberg a response to ? †¢ Albert of Hohenzollern- had to raise ten thousand [ which is over 9,000] ducats, so hired Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences, Tetzel: â€Å"As soon as gold in the basin rings, the soul to heaven rings. o †¢ Pope Leo X: â€Å"Not interested in a squabble between monks†, ignored 95 theses Luther cont’d- Dominicans wanted to charge Luther with Heresy because of the 95 Theses, Address to the Christian Nobility= secular gov’t can reform church, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church= attacked sacraments, Liberty of a Christian Man= bible is the sole [SOUL HAHAHA] source of faith, a bolt of lightning almost strikes him-> he becomes a monk [what the hell? Pope Leo X- issued a papal bull [Toro! ] demanding Luther recant or be burnt, Luther burns bull, excommunicated [by PETA] Frederick, elector of Saxony - German prince, sympathetic to Luther’s ideas Diet of Worms [Eww]: Council of German nobility, HRE emperor Charles X asked Luther if he repudiates his books, to which he said he doesn’t accept authority of the pope, only God.Exiled, hidden for a year in Wartburg Castle [filled with toads, very unpleasant] by Frederick of Saxony Luther Cont’d Cont’d: reduced sacraments from 7 to 2, which were baptism and communion, had several children with an ex-nun, family placed at center of religious faith. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ -42009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Why did the Reformation succeed? †¢ German Peasants’ Revolt- Result of worsened economic condition, 12 articles interpreting Lutheranism as a message of social egalitarianism, to whichLuther wrote â€Å"Against The Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants† Luther was not critical of—even encouraged—princes to confiscate Catholic land Charles V: Couldn’t control huge empire w/ Spain, New World, The Netherlands, Southern Italy, The Habsburgs, so he didn’t do anything when the Protestants got revolting [it’s because they never brushed their teeth], eventually fought protestants in [best word ever, by the way] Schmalkaldic Wars but was forced to sign Peace of Augsburg, which recognized Lutheranism in territories owned by a Lutheran. †¢ †¢ ? Radical Reformation †¢Anabaptists- denied Baptism [go figure] o Believed baptism would only work on adults because they knew what they were doing. Rebaptism became a capital offense in HRE, darn. Anabaptists took over Munster and created an â€Å"Old-Testament-style theocracy†: men allowed to have multiple wives. More normal people [mainstream Christians] then captured it back. o o o †¢ Antitrinitarians- denied Trinity [Really? ] o Were hunted down ? Zwingli and Calvin †¢ Zwingli- Denied Sacraments, called last supper â€Å"a memorial of Christ’s death†, did not have actual presence of Christ [wait, explain this.Was he just like†¦ in the bathroom or something? â€Å"Hey guys, Jesus isn’t coming†¦ Should we start without him? †¦Sure! † Disciples are meanies, QED. ] o o Swiss patriot Died leading Zurich’s troops against Swiss Catholics †¢ John Calvin- Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion: Predestination, No free will, Geneva= New Jerusalem, No taverns, Penalties for having gypsies read your fortune (not joking. ) ? [Black or Blonde? English-] The English Reformation -52009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland†- [Epitaph courtesy of Wikipedia when researching earlier. I want such a title. ] o Tried to divorce Catherine of Aragon, even though previous pope had given him special dispensation to marry her in the fi rst place. Pope refused, Henry began reformation of parliament. ? Reformation Parliament: †¢ Gave bribes of land from monasteries (because he dissolved them) as a reward for passing certain acts, passed: o oAct of Supremacy: King of England is supreme head of Church of England Henry can marry Anne Boleyn Act of Succession: Children of Anne Boleyn are rightful heirs (ouch for Catherine) o o Had been sleeping with Anne Boleyn, gotten her pregnant, therefore â€Å"act in restraint of appeals† declaring the King decided spiritual cases within the kingdom rather than the pope. Anny Boleyn gave birth to Elizabeth Tudor, so he beheaded her. o †¢ †¢ Edward VI- Short reign, tried to institute Protestant theology into Church of England. Mary Tudor- Also short reign, wife of â€Å"phonetically catholic† Philip of Spain, tried to bring back Catholicism. ? Burned several hundred Englishmen at the stake [? ] The Counterreformation- Also known as the Catholic Reformati on †¢ Index of prohibited books- Included Erasmus, Galileo [what, physics? Never heard of it†¦] Papal inquisition- Put heretics to death [heretic is a freaking awesome word. ] Council of Trent- Papacy controlled church council, enhanced papal power o Council placed limits on simony, mandated education, caused intensely polar interpretations of the world, Baroque art and music created. [If it ain’t Baroque, don’t fix it! ] †¢ †¢ †¢Ignatius Loyola- founded Jesuits, Religion was a â€Å"spiritual conversation with God†, not within Bible but within oneself. Spiritual exercises. -62009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ 8: The Age of Expansion and the Rise of Monarchical States o Portuguese & Spanish Empires ? Bartholomew Dias: sailed around Cape of Good Hope, southern tip of Africa. [Cape of Hood Hope: common typo? ] Vasco de Gama: reached coast of India Christopher Columbus: Sailed to Canary Islands, from there to B ahamas †¢ Noted in his diary that Indians were friendly and gentle, therefore easy to enslave [Not a cool guy] ? ? Magellan circumnavigates globe †¢ Cortez- Mexico, in Aztec Empire o Conquered Tenochtitlan with help of Aztec slaves †¢ †¢ Montezuma- gave gold, in return Spanish seized the capital and took him hostage. [Really, Spain? Really? ] Pizarro destroyed Incas in Peru o †¢ o Captured Inca emperor Atahuelpa, ransomed him for gold, ruled through him, then killed him. [Yep, this again. ] Spanish created Haciendas, plantations, through encomienda system of forced labor [for some reason, Alex prefers to italicize rather than bold]Development of Monarchical States ? Reversal of parliaments from Middle Ages to create absolute monarchies †¢ †¢ ? Jean Bodin- Monarchies have to be absolute Louis XIV- France, Stuart Monarchs- England Nation-States †¢ Bureaucratization- established office of intendant, tax collector on behalf of monarch o Need for m oney led to corruption seen in sale of royal office (except in England) †¢ Permanent mercenary army o Swiss phalanx- army of pikemen [not Pokemon] [Pokemon is in the Mac dictionary] who killed horsemen, later had gunpowder. Created a 72009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus need for money in monarchy, need which could only be fed by an absolute monarchy. ? Monarchs need taxes to pay for permanent armies, which were used to suppress peasants angry at taxes—vicious circle ? Italy †¢ †¢ Treaty of Lodi- Balance of power among major Italian city-states, created alliance between enemies Milan and Naples [YOUR NAPLES ARE SHOWING] Ludovico Il Moro- became despot in Milan, fought Naples [which are showing] and invited French to satisfy longstanding claims to Naples [which are showing] Charles VIII immediately did so, when he gets to Florence he meets Savonaroli, a radical Dominican preacher who had just expelled Medicis and established a Puritanical sta te Recognizes what he had done, joined an anti-French alliance to expel French and reinstate Medicis Medicis burn Savonaroli at the stake (with support of Pope) in revenge. o o †¢ Nicola Machiavelli- The Prince [Story about a prince on a white horse, saves a princess and then marries her to gain control of her country, institutes harsh rule] ? Spain- [Dominion of JULIA LOPEZ] Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castille o Consolidated peninsula- called Reconquista ? Included Religious Uniformity, led to Spanish Inquisition [Nobody expected it] [I’d prefer a new edition of the Spanish Inquisition than to ever let a woman in my life] Spanish Inquisition: Anti-Jew, Anti-Moor ? o Charles V (Ferdinand &Isabella’s grandson)- married into becoming HRE, abdicates and gives throne to brother Ferdinand (also controls Habsburg lands) ? His son Philip receives Spain, southern Italy, The Netherlands, the New World Duke of Alva’s Council of Troubles: tried to enforce Catholicism for Philip in Netherlands, also sent Military hero Don Juan to fight, later sent Spanish Armada Results: Council failed, Don Juan failed, Protestant Wind blew Armada away [WOOOOOOOSH] †¢ -82009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ o Cervantes- Don Quixote [Donkey Hotay], bemoaned lack of chivalry [French for Being a Horse] in Spain El Greco revealed that powerful Spain could not maintain European position The Holy Roman Empire ? 0th and 11th centuries- most powerful state, grew weaker with papal conflict †¢ Despite lack of army, popes supported by German Nobility, giving them strong sway over emperor o †¢ †¢ Golden Bull- 7 German princes given right to elect emperor Charles V- powerful Habsburg, attempted to establish genuine imperial control, used Lutheran reformation as a weapon against German princes Peace of Augsburg- Princes given the right to decide religion of territory aka Ecclesiastical Reservation, Catholicism or Lutheranism oProblematic for Frederick III of the Palatinate (an elector state) who was a Calvinist ? Thirty Years War- about thirty years long. †¢ †¢ †¢ Began in Bohemia, Ferdinand of Styria is crowned king Protestant angry with his intolerance defenestrate his catholic advisors in Prague [Turkey Baster Turkey Baster la la la la la] HRE Emperor Mathias dies, Ferdinand elected emperor o A few hours later, he learns he has been overthrown in Bohemia †¢ †¢ †¢ Frederick, a Calvinist (! ) is the new king in Bohemia Ferdinand had no army, so he borrowed the Duke of Bavaria’s army [what?You can do that? ] Battle of the White Mountain- Bavarian forces win a major victory, [create cream] Frederick is now sad, called the winter king because he only ruled for winter Private armies want to keep fighting so they can have $$$, so war continues Duke of Bavaria fears Habsburgs-> Ferdinand must find new army †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ o o Albrecht vo n Wallenstein- VAST MERC ARMY 125,000 Major victories in the north for Ferdinand -92009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Edict of Restitution- outlawed Calvinism, required Lutherans to turn over all property seized since 1552 Gustavus Adolphus- King of Sweden, entered war due to Edict, claiming to defend Protestant rights, actually nope, just wanted German territory Cardinal Richelieu- Absolutist, Decided to support Swedish army [financially because he didn’t want Habsburgs to be strong Peace of Westphalia- 30 yr war over o o HRE maintains divisions Emperor still leader of Germany Reaffirmed Peace of Augsburg (princes choose religion of territory, Calvinism added as a choice now) o France- [Dominion of Funny Bear (http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=5H59Py7KApU) and Gerard Giblin] ?Henry II- dies in a jousting tournament from a lance to the eye, [he should have seen that coming†¦] -> Francis II is king French Wars of Rel igion †¢ Began when Duke of Guise saw a group of Huguenots worshiping in a barn, got mad, HAD THEM SLAIN Huguenots- French Calvinists [HUGE KNOTS] Catherine de Medici o o After Henry II dies, Francis II was too young—Catherine was a regent January Edict of 1562- Huguenots [HUGE KNOTS] gain freedom of worship Peace of Saint Germaine-Laye: Protestants can fortify cities (Catherine allied with Catholics, but did not want the protestants to be sad, so this is what they get) †¢ †¢ o †¢ †¢ Guise==catholic, militant [geese] Bourbon—Calvinists [ALEX WHAT UP WITH THE ITALICS] o o Admiral Coligny (Advisor to Charles IV, so Catherine didn’t like him) & Prince of Conde—both converted for political opportunities Henry of Navarre (Bourbon prince) marries Charles IX’s sister, shifting power to Bourbons—Catherine de Medici doesn’t want either to have power, so she convinces Charles IX to do St. Bartholomew’s Day Massac re- burning all Huguenots – 10 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Coligny dies, Navarre’s life spared—he promised to convertHenry III (Not Navarre) wanted to defeat powerful Catholic League [Geese], made Navarre his heir, Huguenots then helped him attack them Peace of Beaulieu- complete religious freedom for Protestants. [THIS IS NEW. NO REALLY. ] Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV of France when Henry III assassinated o o ? ? ? Everyone supports him because of common enemy of Spain Until revolution, all French kings are from Bourbon dynasty Converts to Catholicism to be of the majority group, but so Huguenots would not get mad he created: Edict of Nantes- Huguenots can worship and assemble, and maintain fortified cities NAVARRRRRRR ? Politique- the idea of putting the interest of the state before religious unity- Henry III and Henry IV was one of these Royal Absolutism- ? †¢ Henry IV tries to revitalize kingdom torn apart by war o o Duke of Sully + HIV [Henry the fourth, silly]- established government monopolies over things people like, such as salt Limited nobility in parliament Assassinated, 9 year old son Louis XIII takes throne, but like most nine year olds, is a relatively weak King. o †¢ Louis XIII oNeeded strong minister†¦ Bonjour, Cardinal Richelieu! ? Richelieu beats up Huguenots [HUGE KNOTS] and takes away Edict of Nantes [that was fast. ] Brings France into thirty years war -> increased gov’t power Dies, replaced by Mazarin ? ? †¢ Louis XIV o Five years old. Anne Of Austria, his mother, selects Cardinal Mazarin to be regent – 11 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Less sure political hand than Richelieu. This led to a lot of rebellions called the Fronde.Mazarin dies, Louis decides because of the Fronde to rule without an advisor [he is a teenager and believes the world revolves around him] Louis told people that the monarch had the â€Å"div ine rights,† backed it up by the Old Testament. o ? Bishop Bossuet said that the king was chosen by god (only god could judge the behavior of the king) [Louis was probably sitting in a corner, going, â€Å"don’t judge me! †] o o May or may not have said â€Å"l’etat c’est moi,† (I am the state) Builds Versailles to demonstrate his power, wanted to safely ignore the people 12 miles away from Paris ? While it cost a huge amount of money to maintain Versailles, Louis thought it was worth it. Instead of plotting against the king, the aristocrats were involved with court intrigue and gossip and with ceremonial issues such as who got to hold the king’s sleeve as he dressed† [Best review book ever? ] o Jean-Baptiste Colbert= minister, instituted mercantilism? building up gold by exporting goods, an economy based on exports. Organized factories and abolished tariffs. ?Five Great Farms- large regions where one does not have to go through customs French East India Company, west coast of Africa, posts in India, much of the Caribbean, Quebec, = French international mercantilist empire of supreme power. ? o For real this time. Revokes the Edicts of Nantes, demolishes Huguenot churches, takes away Huguenot’s civil rights. They ran away to England and the Netherlands, and since France was at war with England and the Netherlands, they fought against France. [Stupid, stupid Louis] ? o England Treaty of Utrecht- Bourbons lead Spain ?War of the Roses- Series of civil wars to determine whether York or Lancaster would rule England. †¢ †¢ Result: Lancaster (Henry VII, a Tudor) will be king. After Henry VII dies, Henry VIII becomes king [surprise surprise] – 12 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Henry VIII believed his sovereignty would be ineffective if England was under religious jurisdiction of Rome-> created Church of England TUDOR: Queen Elizabeth—Henry’s daugh ter with Anne Boleyn ? †¢ Called The Virgin Queen- used marriage as a diplomatic tool, used rulers made them think she would marry them ? owerful alliances [writing that in italics makes it look like the name of a boat] †¢ Mary Stuart of Scotland- her legal heir, also Catholic o Kept her under house arrest, she was afraid Mary was plotting against her Treaty of Burwick- Let it be known that James (Mary’s son) will be king of England instead (he was Protestant), in your face Mary Queen of Scots ? Knock knock †¢ Who’s there o Mary Queen of Scots o Bye bye, your head! o †¢ Elizabeth beat Spanish Armada? England remains Protestant and free of foreign dominance ?STUART: James VI- Absolutist, didn’t call parliament for awhile, eventually he called it because he needed money †¢ Puritans- thought monarch shouldn’t be head of church o So James persecuted the Puritans ? STUART: Charles I †¢ Lent support to Armenians (sect of Anglican c hurch, believed in predestination), named William Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury [unrelated to the eggs] [wait, those are Cadbury Eggs. Never mind] Requested a forced loan from nobles, they didn’t want to pay so he threw them in jail †¢ o They put forward Petition of Rights, forced him to sign: ? ? ?No forced taxation without Parliament No free man could be imprisoned without due cause No quartering of troops in private homes – 13 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? No martial law against civilians †¢ John Eliot- Three Resolutions [this formatting is intense] o o o Anyone suspected of practicing Catholicism is a â€Å"capital enemy of the state† Any of King’s advisors who recommend he raise funds outside of Parliament are also â€Å"capital enemies of the state† Anyone who paid tonnage and poundage (duties the king imposed without parliament) was betraying the liberties of England Response: King dissolved parliam ent †¢ Personal Rule of Charles: Charles governing England sans Parliament o To get money: collected ship money: used to be where coastal towns paid extra tax to pay for shipbuilding, but now errrybody in the club getting taxed. Insisted that Calvinist Scotland adopt Church of England and prayer book The Book Of Common Prayer 1640: Charles called parliament because he thought they would give him money to put down Scottish rebellion- â€Å"Short Parliament† Dissolved it because they refused to give him funds before addressing their own needs. Formed an army because he was still angry at Scots [then he banned kilts] ?JK, Scots win †¢ †¢ Scots refuse to leave after invading England Made Charles pay a lot of money to them o o o o †¢ Charles has to call Long Parliament to pay for it o o o o Size matters Met for 20 years Impeached Charles’ ministers Abolished prerogative courts (king’s courts) such as Star Chamber †¢ Grand Remonstrance- A lot (240) of things that Parliament are moaning and whining about o Says Parliament has to approve minister – 14 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o o Church of England reformed by committee No ship money ***Parliament called once every 3 years*** †¢ In response: CHARLES INVADES PARLIAMENT o †¢ House of Commons passes Militia Ordinance (very quickly because there were Soldiers at their doors) Gave Parliament control of the army [Charles I fled to England, just in case] o [jk] ? Civil War Happened †¢ Major issues: o Whether England was going to have an absolute monarch or parliamentary monarch Anglican or Presbyterian [See Lizzy Pelletier] Cavaliers vs Roundheads o o ? ? ? Cavaliers==King Charles, Nobility, Anglicans Roundheads==parliament, Scots, townspeople, puritans Parliament won because of alliance with Scots Gen Cromwell (Lord Protector) created â€Å"New Model† army Parliament tries Charles for treason, executes ? ? Commonwealt h †¢ †¢ Abolished monarchy + house of lords No more Anglican church, now puritan republic o Puritan Rules of Behavior: simple clothes, no entertainment, no alcohol, no dancing, [no fun. ] Independents wanted state church and religious freedom Presbyterians wanted state church and NO DISSENTERS o o †¢ Parliament: No mo army o Cromwell says nope – 15 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Wants to conquer Ireland and Scotland [didn’t these guys just help you? Not cool. Parliament gives no money to Army †¢ Cromwell disbands Parliament o This is a new thing. We have never seen this before. Really. The only important thing he does is separate England into military districts ? o ? Cromwell dies, monarchy back †¢ STUART: CHARLES II o Treaty of Dover [come on Dover. Move your bloomin’ arse! ]- Charles would convert to Catholicism when conditions permit, made between Charles and French Louis XIV ? Charles gets a lot of money f rom Louis. This was good for him because he was getting a lot less English money to support his lavish lifestyle †¢ STUART: James II o repeals Test Act (didn’t allow Catholics to be officials/military, swear oaths for transubstantion), [also, AP Test Act] Declaration of Indulgence ? ? No more religious tests for office holders Allowed freedom of worship Parliament Reaction: Not worried because they thought the throne would go to James’ daughter: Mary the protestant †¢ Sneaky James marries, makes a bebby, New James the Catholic o Parliament responds by inviting Mary the protestant and her new husband, William of Orange to invade England, no opposition ? †¢ ORANGES: William and Mary o Bill of Rights of 1689 ?Limits power of monarchy: monarch is subject to law, must be protestant, include parliament in lawmaking [monarch butterflies still free to do as they please] – 16 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Elections to parliament free of royal interference No church courts Parliament consent for taxes required You can petition the king Parliament consent required for army People can have guns â€Å"Freedom of Debate† in parliament [because until now, they coincidentally agreed on everything] King can’t just take people’s stuff without having a trial.Then he can. Excessive bail, nono. Parliament has to be held frequently. ? ? ? o Act Of Toleration- a compromise bill ? Non-conformists (protestants who were not in the church of England) given right of public worship, Unitarians or Catholics were illegal. Test Act remained ? o The Mutiny Act [mutated knee act] ? Authorized martial law to govern the army. Had to be re-passed every year (parliament had to be summoned yearly for this) †¢ Queen is now STUART: Anne. Nothing changes. o Act of Settlement- preventing catholic Stuarts from getting on the throne ?Basically, this said that if Queen Anne dies without an heir, the thro ne goes to the Protestants in Hanover. Specifically, George the first. o Act Of Union- formed Great Britain out of England and Scotland. Only done so that Scotland would not go to war with England allied with France. ? Scotland gives up their parliament, allowed to maintain a Presbyterian church. o The Netherlands- a center of commerce and trade. ? Dutch War Of Independence – 17 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ †¢ ? City of Antwerp was sacked.They closed the Scheldt river as part of the peace of Westphalia. Lead to the center of trade being changed to Amsterdam. The Golden Age †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bank of Amsterdam Dutch east India company Higher standard of living Religious tolerance â€Å"The Dutch proved to be nimble businessmen† In the Spanish inquisition, Jews fled to Netherlands [one could say they were orange Jews] Franz Hals- great portrait painter from Haarlem (yes, it’s spelled like that. ) Jan Vermeer- painted scenes of everyday Dutch life Rembrandt Van Rijn- painted The Night Watch- baroque art period †¢ †¢ †¢ ? Political decentralization †¢ †¢ †¢ o House of Orange- noble house who got power from revolting against Spain. Stadholder= male head of the family William of Nassau (he’s William of Orange, guys) = stadholder of the family Orange beats up France. He also became the king of England. Life in Modern Europe ? ? Growth and population- Population doubled in France between 1450-1550 Price revolution- population growth put pressure on basic commodities. Prices had to increase like 500% because supply was less than demand.Rural life †¢ Gentry are people from towns and cities. o These guys begin to enclose their lands aka. Fence off land that used to be open. ? †¢ English Poor Law-The state provides for the poor – 18 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ ? 3-field system- the rot ation of crops in agriculture? 1/3 lay fallow (they didn’t use it), 1/3 crops, 1/3 animals [baa baa moooo] Primogeniture- the oldest male child gets all the jaunt. City life †¢ Guilds continue to play a role in production of commodities. Cloth production done on a large scale.Capitalist entrepreneur would provide funds and organization of every stage of production. This made specialized guild-members sad. †¢ ? Family life †¢ †¢ No more than 3 or 4 children (usually) Marriages were arranged by parents, or formally improved, because they involved a transfer of property o o Married couples are full-fledged members of society â€Å"Single adults were looked on as potential thieves or trouble-makers if they were male, and as prostitutes if they were female. † There was a dowry o †¢ Tasks divided by gender & age, child labor was normal.Men do work, women cook, clean and make bebbies. For Protestants, the house became central rather than the church. o Paternalism increased because father is now the only person between the family and god †¢ †¢ 9: The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment o Before the scientific revolution ? The view of scholasticism-combination of Christianity and ancient authors, such as Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle. †¢ Four Elements: earth, air, fire, water o Earth is the heaviest element and the earth is the center of the universe †¢ †¢ oAlchemy could define chemistry of the time Didn’t care about astronomy, believed in the works of Ptolemy (the heavens move around the earth) The Copernican revolution – 19 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Nicolas Copernicus wrote Concerning The Revolutions Of Celestial Spheres. A heliocentric universe, where the planets move about the sun. The orbits were circular. Tycho Brahe- the movement of the sun revolved around the earth but the other planets revolved around the sun. he taught Kepler. [fun facts about Bra he, courtesy of Mr.Willard: Brahe lost his nose in a bar fight over a math question, and fixed it with many metal noses that he would replace from day to day. Also, he had a pet dwarf who he would bring out at parties. The dwarf would go under the table and â€Å"do things with his hands†] Johannes Kepler- planets go in ellipses. Galileo Galilei- invented the telescope. The moon has mountains, and it’s made of the same material as earth. Jupiter has moons, and stars are far away. He also stated that the acceleration of gravity was constant for all masses.Giordano Bruno argued that there were many worlds in the universe, the papal inquisition executed him. Isaac Newton wrote Principia, examined the relations of different forces, invented differential calculus, and discovered that white light was a mixture of different lights. ? ? ? ? ? o The impact of scientific revolution on philosophy ? Francis Bacon [a delicious man] argued to examine evidence from nature when making thesis. Rene Descartes- â€Å"I think therefore I am,† wrote Discourse on Method, challenged major classical beliefs.He invented logical proofs (if P then Q), he tried to make logic and philosophy be done with math because it was incorruptible [see: Robespierre in relation to math] Blaise Pascal [the fireman] Pascal’s wager= it is better to bet that god exists than to bet that he does not, since if he does you will go to heaven, and if he doesn’t then you don’t lose anything. Thomas Hobbes believed that life was nasty, brutish and short. Wanted absolutism (man formed states with a sovereign that has complete power, the subjects would never rebel) because man naturally wanted to destroy each other.John Locke- social contract between the people and the state, where the people have certain inalienable rights [no ET allowed]: of life, liberty, and property. If a government infringes on these rights, man has the right [nay, the responsibility] to rebel. Anoth er idea was Tabula Rasa- there is no predestination or original sin; people were born with a clean slate. ? ? ? ? o The eighteenth-century Enlightenment ? Immanuel Kant- idea that individuals should not believe an idea simply because authority says it, people should use reasoning to solve problems.Philosophers are thinkers and would often speak at salons. ? – 20 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Republic of Letters was an international community of philosophers who communicated en francais [M. Giblin]. Voltaire was a philosophe. And a deist- believed that god created the universe and the laws of science, those laws are still being followed. ? †¢ †¢ Ecrasez l’infame (crush the horrible thing) was anti-religion He wrote Candide- humans cannot expect to find happiness by associating with specific philosophical systems. People should try to find a private comfort. ?Baron de Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws, wrote about separation of powers and checks and balances. Also said that slavery was unnatural and bad. Diderot wrote Encyclopedia, a collaboration of all the knowledge and information that was prominent at the time Rousseau was the most radical philosophe, antagonized Voltaire; believed in direct democracy vs. the other philosophes who believed in a constitutional monarchy. Ideas became prominent after his death, especially in the French Revolution. ? ? †¢ o Social Contract- Everyone has a duty to their country, a perfect society would be controlled by the â€Å"general will† of its populaceThe Spread of Enlightenment Thought ? Cesare Baccaria- Crimes and Punishment, about changing jurisprudence, the theory and philosophy of law. He believed everyone should have basic rights. David Hume- Atheism, doubt on religion. Questioned assumptions around cause and effect. EDWARD GIBBON- Wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, [which was mean], criticized Christianity, saying it â€Å"weakened the vibrancy of the empire and contributed to its downfall† Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations: Free market, laissez-faire, invisible hand ? ? o Women and the Enlightenment ? Organized salons, where philosophes hung out Marquise de Pompadour- Louis the XV’s mistress, helped Diderot avoid censorship Mary Wollstonecraft- Women should vote, and hold public office. ? ? o European powers! In the age of enlightenment! ? Enlightened Absolutists- Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia Prussia and Austria ? – 21 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢Frederick William (The Great Elector) worked out agreement with the Junkers (Prussian nobility)—they could have serfs, and would pay him money for the privilege Son Frederick III became Frederick I of Prussia (because Prussia became a Kingdom? ) Also was Frederick the Great, an enlightened absolutist o Freed serfs on Royal estates, but not the Junkers’ serfs, because he liked the Junkers. Abolished capital punishment, decreased amount of corporal punishment on serfs †¢ o †¢ Austrian Empress Maria Theresa begat Joseph II, who was a fan of religious toleration o †¢Issued Edicts of Toleration, granting Jews, Lutherans, Calvinists freedom of worship Wars of Austrian Succession o o HREmperor Charles VI has no male heir, issues Pragmatic Sanctionsays there can be a female heir Therefore, Maria Theresa is crowned, but France and Prussia begin to seize land (violating the sanction) Frederick I takes advantage of this and seizes Silesia, the richest part of Austria Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle- Austrian throne will go to Habsburgs— ended the war Result of the War: Prussia gains power Diplomatic Revolution: alliance between Austrians and French, meant to weaken Prussians ?Great Britain allies with Prussia Leads directly into Seven Years War †¢ Ultimately won by Prussians and British because Russian Czar Peter III didn†™t want to have so much conflict so he protected the Prussians British allies defeat the French in the French and Indian War in America o o o o ? †¢ ? Russia—[The Fatherland] †¢ Ivan the Terrible expanded territory under the control of Muscovy [what the hell? ], Russia entered into a period of time known as THE TIME OF TROUBLES 22 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus [When I find myself in times of trouble, FATHER STALIN comes to me], ended with the selection of a czar from the Romanov family. †¢ This was Peter the Great! o o o o Forced nobles to shave their beards (as was the style in the west) Taxed nobility by the number of serfs they had Established monopolies on commodities like salt (See HIV) Table of Ranks—each government position had a graduated ranking, social mobility Established St.Petersburg, a â€Å"window on the West†, built in the newest styles from France [if you haven’t gotten the hint, Peter was a big fan of the West] Conscripted serfs into the army, built the first Russian navy, defeated the Swedes in the great Northern war Catherine the Great codified Russian law and had an affair with Stanislaw Augustus Poniatowski, he â€Å"somehow became† the King of Poland shortly afterwards. o o o ? Poland †¢ Lithuanian grand-duke Jagiello married Polish queen Jadwiga? PolishLithuanian Commonwealth o Defeated the Teutonic Knights at Battle of Grunwald †¢ †¢When Poniatowski becomes King, he â€Å"displayed an independent streak that Catherine the Great did not expect from her former Lover† Prussia, Russia, Austria forced Poland to accept a partition o Poland loses 30% of its territory †¢ Poland had Europe’s first written constitution o o Reduces the power of nobles who appealed to Russians for assistance Russia and Prussia partitioned again, which removed the constitution and removed a lot of land ? Tadeusz Kosciuszko leads a Polish revolt forcing P oniatowski to abdicate †¢ Third and final partition wiping Poland off the map. Great Britain †¢ Tories – 23 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o †¢ Whigs o o Wanted prerogative rights of the monarch More enlightened, liked religious tolerance Had a certain leader ? Do you remember his name? †¢ It is Edmund Burke! o Argued that parties were essential to parliamentary government and political stability. †¢ †¢ You should have learned all of the American Revolution stuff in APUSH American Revolution spurred a movement of parliamentary reform in Great Britain oJohn Wilkes, member of the House of Commons and part time pornographer*, arrested for publishing a satirical attack on King George III ? *Perfect example of social mobility. o ? France †¢ Wanted greater freedom of press and UMS Jansenists- Catholic sect which believes in predestination o Parlements==Provincial law courts made up of nobles, block Louis XV from supportin g a papal decree banning Jansenists ? Louis XV abolishes parlements †¢ Louis XVI brings them back †¢ 10- The French Revolution, Napoleon, the European Reaction o Background [Wallpaper? ] of the revolution ?Major problem facing ‘80s France [‘fro’s? ] was financial—they were kinda bankrupt, Budget: †¢ †¢ 50% Paying debts and interest 25% military o †¢ Funding American revolution, skirmishes with British 6% Royal Life [whig powdering? ] [intentional misspelling. They powdered Edmund Burke] [he was a whig leader] – 24 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ ? 19% infrastructure [not that much. Sad peasant. ] Estates General †¢ First Estate- Church and Clergy o Wealthy churchies, but there were also poor churches who felt aligned for the third estate Tithe- church tax o †¢Second Estate- Nobles and Aristocracy o o Only 3% of population Feudal privileges: Controlled mills and winemaking, would ofte n charge their own fees for use of the mills effectively making it difficult for peasants to use their grain †¢ Third Estate- Peasants and Bourgeoisie (the educated upper middle class, lawyers and doctors and thinkers) o Abbe Sieyes- Qu’est-ce que le troisieme etat? , â€Å"What is the third estate? Everything. What has it been in the political order up till the present? Nothing. What does it ask? To become something. † Were always overruled in EG because 1/3, when gov’t needed money they always raised taxes †¢ ? ? [Fourth Estate- Batman] [He was Robin the Pierre] Role of Enlightenment? INSPIRATION. Causes †¢ †¢ Failed harvests in 1789 makes poor people poor Louis fires Minister Finance Necker who wanted to subsidize grain and tax nobles, Peasants sad ? Louis called Assembly of Notables (leading aristocrats and churches), asked if they wanted to pay a land tax [they obviously said yes. ], instead suggested that they would have a greater share in governing [ok, sure guys], called for an Estates General o Calling of the Estates General ? ? [Hey, Estates General! Everybody complains that the third estate gets a third of the vote, so the King does nothing – 25 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erryone wanted change, but nobody knew how they wanted it, resulting in thousands of Cahiers de doleances (lists of grievances) †¢ Examples of what they wanted: equal tax system and regular meetings of the EG, limiting the size of sheep herds ? o King kept everybody waiting Tennis Court Oath ? The third estate was locked out of the meeting, so they went to a tennis court (handball) [whatever†¦ it was a court].They resolved keep convening until there was a new constitution Declaration of the Rights of Man- Lafayette influenced this, King did not sign: guaranteed Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality (later the French Motto) ? o †¢ Leaders [THUNDER]STORMING OF THE BASTILLE AND THE GREAT FEAR Na tional Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention, The Directory Enrage J. Herbert Jacobins Robespierre, St. Just Couthon, â€Å"republic of pure virtue† idealism, vague Cordeliers J. P. Marat, G. J. Danton, C. Desmoulins Republic. One house, broader suffrage but not for women Girondists Jaques Brissot, M&Mme Roland, Condorcet, A.Sieyes Keep king as a figurehead, prime minister or president. Parliamentary system. Weak executive, strong legislative. Limited suffrage. Reform gradually, use laws. Upper bourgeoisie Feuillants Lafayette, Mirabeau Royalists Count Of Artios Agenda Anarchy Constitutional monarchy Absolutism Means To End Supporters Violence is nice. Abolish all, kill, then peace. Radical intellectuals, radical sandculottes Violence may be necessary (guillotine) Leaders? bourgeoisie, intellectuals. Followers? sansculottes Rapid reform, system of laws, wider suffrage Leaders? ourgeoisie, intellectuals. Followers ? sans-culottes Very slow and careful gradualllll llllllllly change, natural laws. Some (newer) nobles, some clergy Violence may be necessary to get back lost power Upper-class (old wealth) nobles, upper clergy – 26 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o ? Bastille- prison, a symbol of royal despotism, held dissenters. Peasants went and took the gunpowder. When they killed the governor (of the bastille), they put his head on a pike. This was the beginning of VIOLENCE! [bang bang! Louis was really scared. He recognized the Commune of Paris (a new government of the city of Paris). New national guard, under the command of Lafayette (a hero of the American Revolutionary War) The great [grape] fear: violence between the peasants and the nobles. Some aristocrats began to renounce their feudal rights Poissonards: Women from the fish market (poisson means fish), had knives for gutting, they could gut people like a fish [like Katie Evans]. It was raining, guards of the palace saw them and decided to invite them in and give them food.They found the King and Queen COWERING IN FEAR, Marquis de Lafayette made them compromise (they wanted to kill Marie Antoinette), instead they just had the royal family move to the Tuileries, a lesser palace in Paris. TURNING POINT: The center of the revolution was in Paris, Nat’l Assembly moved to Paris as well. June 1791-King and Queen try to eschape ? ? ? ? ? †¢ Dressed like bourgeoisie: went in a carriage, headed towards the Austrian Netherlands (Varenne) to meet up with the emigres (nobles who had fled during the Great Fear o †¢ Count of Artois (Louis XVI’s brother) had led the emigres.Were found out by a drunk guy, brought back to Paris and put under Palace Arrest ? Declaration of Pillnitz †¢ †¢ Issued by Leopold of Austria Said they would stifle France, but only if all of Europe came with them ? Olympe de Gouge- Wrote The Rights of Women, argued women should have property, education, and the right to divorce. Civil Constit ution of the Church- King is forced to pass this: Church is a department of the state, bishops are elected, clergy has state-funded salaries and all have to swear an oath of loyalty. †¢ Considered by many historians (and Mrs. Lansell) to be the biggest mistake of the revolution.Created a split in religion when Pope Pius VI denounced the Civil Constitution. ? †¢ – 27 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o †¢ Refractory Clergy- more devout Catholics, included King and many peasants. Being part of this gave one a reason to be anti-revolution. Constitutional Clergy- strong revolutionaries—there was no strong reason to be part of this. Assignats- Government bonds backed by repossessed Church lands—each bill was redeemable for church land, eventually became the currency of the Republic. ? The National Assembly †¢ †¢ †¢ King has suspensive veto- can delay voting on legislation for 4 years.Also control army and foreign policy. Passive Citizens- Men who do not pay taxes. Active Citizens- Men who pay taxes. o Electors- active citizens with high property requirements. †¢ †¢ France was divided into 83 Departments (instead of the provinces) Paris Commune- Municipality of Paris, controlled by the people. Essentially idealistic communism (even though Marx hadn’t come up with it yet? ) o †¢ †¢ Controlled by Enrages Jews and Protestants have full political rights No slavery o †¢ †¢ Toussaint L ’Ouverture- Enraged at the continuation of slavery in the colonies, led a slave rebellion in Hispaniola (now Haiti)Brunswick Manifesto- Issued by Duke of Brunswick of Prussia— threatened to destroy Paris if the King or his family were harmed. Sans Culottes o Stormed the Tuileries and killed 600 Swiss mercenary guards, because they were bored and had nothing better to do. September Massacres- [Raped, killed, pillaged, and burned] o †¢ Lafayette is somehow No Lon ger the Commander: he flees and captured by Austrians and put in Jail until Napoleon comes and Frees Him. Paris Commune forces the National Assembly to create a new Legislative Body using UMS: this was called the National Convention †¢ o European Reactions to the French Revolution 28 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? William Pitt the Younger [dumbest name ever], British PM, hoped that the war would finally end the rivalry between the two nations. EDMUND BURKE- Wrote Reflections on the French Revolution, opposed the French Revolution, predicting it would become more violent [Well done, Edmund Buuuuurke! ] ? o THE REIGN OF TERR[i]ER [Puppies? ](Actually TerrOr) ? Montagniards- Radical Jacobins- named because they chose to sit above all the others in the National Convention The Plain- Girondists, moderates. Believed in Laissez-Faire, supported a strong legislative government.Committee of Public Safety- Comprised of Danton, Carnot, and Maximilien Robespierr e [who is incorruptible, right? ] Vendee- Area of France which uprose because the Revolutionary Tribunal (specifically Carnot, head of the military) created a Levee en Masse, or mandatory draft on every male 16-25. This angered the peasants because it took away their strong men right before the harvest. Law of Maxim- Froze wages and prices. Price controls benefited the Sans-Culottes. Law of Suspects- Empowers the Revolutionary Tribunal (Committee of Public Safety) to arrest anyone suspicious or suspected. †¢ Banned women from politics Censored the press ? ? ? ? ? ? Jean-Paul Marat- Journalist, published names of dissenters, stabbed by Charlotte Corday †¢ The day after he died was Bastille Day, so he was considered the martyr of the revolution and statues were made in his honor. Jacobins used his death as justification of the terror †¢ ? Jacobins tried to create a Republic of Virtue, where they removed all traces of the old regime. †¢ †¢ Created a new calenda r Removed all traces of religious symbols Created the Cult of the Supreme Being- a religion celebrating virtue, Roman influence.Worship every 10 days (weeks were 10 days long in the revolutionary calendar) o †¢ Supreme Being was pretty much Robespierre. †¢ Guillotined political enemies, circa 20,000 people. – 29 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o Many were Girondists. ? Desmoulins (a Cordelier) wrote for a newspaper, in which he called for the end of the terror and therefore was arrested by Robespierre †¢ †¢ †¢ Danton supported his theory (was also a Cordelier) and was arrested too No Cordeliers are left, so only the Jacobins are in power.Robespierre’s popularity wanes o Robespierre says he has a list of all the traitors in the National Assembly and that he will read it the next day Overnight they decide he is a traitor ? He is arrested †¢ He tried to shoot himself and fails o They execute him o ? Thermidorean React ion- People get mad, 100 leading Jacobins are guillotined †¢ The White Terror- Any association with Jacobins or Robespierre would get you guillotined. o o The Directory Napoleon was arrested, but he managed not to get guillotined. ?The Council of Ancients- People aged 40+: They voted on legislation which the Council of 500 created. They had 3 year terms. The Council of 500- General assembly: had to be aged 30+. 2/3 of them had to have been in the National Convention. †¢ Royalists were upset because they had left the National Convention earlier. Tough luck, guys! 2/3 law reaction: Royalists are protesting over the 2/3 law, peasants are generally angry over bad harvests and such so royalists let them fight too. ? †¢ o NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Operating Procedure Essay

Introduction Hospitality management is being able to handle the relationship between guests and hosts. Also this is an act or practice of hospitability.It includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers,resorts, membership clubs, conventions, attractions, special events, and other services for travelers and tourists. The Hotel and Restaurant Management Industry must have Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) to guide them in their day to day business operation. An SOP is a document which describes the regularly recurring operations relevant to the quality of the investigation. The purpose of an SOP is to carry out the operations procedure correctly and to do transactions actions repeatedly in the same manner always. Moreover, an SOP manual should be available at the workplace at all times. This serves as a compulsory instruction and guide to every user. Deviations from this instructions should not be allowed and the conditions for these should be documented including who can give permission for this and what exactly the complete procedures will be. The original copy of the manual should rest at a secure place while working copies should be authenticated with stamps and with signatures of authorized persons represented by the company. These SOPs are detailed explanations of how a policy is to be implemented in the company. The main difference between an SOP and a policy are details. An effective SOP communicates who will perform the task, what materials are necessary, where the task will take place, when the task shall be performed,and how the person will execute the task. Aside from the different types of Standard Operating Procedures the manual provides,It should also give instructions for safety precautions in using equipment, laboratory instruments, machines and etc. Moreover, for safety and protection of the users (employees), SOP may be classified further to: 1.) Fundamental SOPs – these give instructions how to make SOPs of the other categories. 2.) Methodic SOPs – these describe a complete testing system or method of investigation.(this include SOP for safety precaution – standard  procedures for operating instruments, apparatus and other equipment; and SOP for analytical methods – preparation of reagents, receiving and registration of samples, for quality assurance and for achievingand how to deal with complaints). Safety and precautionary measures are integral partsin the foundation of building and including the food industry when it comes to food preparing, food cooking and food processing. Also, it should give safety and security in the management of people. It should identify hazardous activities, preventing it by means of doing everything that is needed. Our thesis study focuses on the standard operating procedures in the kitchen laboratories at Adamson University. These will help the university further improve its procedure for safety and security precautionary measures for the student users of the kitchen laboratory. Background The field of work and study of the profession of individuals management in hotels, restaurants, and other institutions are in the hospitality and tourism industry is known as hospitality management. Our thesis will study and comprise the field of hospital industry management of the standard operating procedure for safety and precautionary measures. Hospitality management industry has its own diversity such as when people go out to travel in different places, check in to hotels, hang out and eat at different restaurants, watch movie marathon at any cinema place, and relax at bars or music bars of differentplaces. Hospitality management deals more with the administration and supervision of the works and actions to know the different needs and adjustments in making and writing the SOPs in the different business places that require customer service and hospitality management.Furthermore, it needs a human power relating to the physical capacity of individual to handle such management. In our study, it will not only showcasethe safety and precautionary measures of kitchen laboratory hazards but also aim the enhancement of the living capacity of every involved person directly connected in the processing and operation of the laboratory kitchen of Adamson University. Some examples presented of the hazardous activities are accidents in the kitchen and in the usage of  kitchen equipment like cut from knives or slicer. It includes also the environment where it took place, it affects the carrying out of intervention like slip and falls on wet floor resulting to bruises or wounds. The measures of the safety and precaution of students and professors while in the kitchen laboratory should be observed at all times. Safety is a means of avoidance or prevention related to the engagement in accident or unwanted scenario. Safety must be taught as a way and part of the lives in the culture of business. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This conceptual framework focuses on the assessment of the standard operating procedures in the kitchen laboratory of Adamson University Hospitality Management Departmentas perceived by Hospitality Management Students and Faculty members of Adamson University. The demographic profile of the respondents and the observation of equipment, tools, proper scheduling, receiving and returning of tools, proper storage of tools and equipment in stockrooms are the dependent variables. Using every questionnaire, the researchers were able to determine whether the standard operating procedures inside the kitchen laboratories of Adamson University had a big impact in terms of the safety of their students and professors. CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM Figure 1. Title? The figure shows the conceptual paradigm of this study based on the Input, Process and Output (I-P-O) mechanism. The Description in the input of the SOP presented the assessment of the Kitchen Laboratory of Adamson University Hospitality Management Department. In terms of profile of the respondents, factors to be considered in SOP are kitchen manual proper implementation, equipment usage, receiving and returning activities, and proper storage. The process and technique, on the other hand, comprised the distribution of questionnaire, carrying out surveys, and performing observations. In the final output, kitchen manual will be presented and suggested based on the questionnaire, survey and observation results.

The Picture of Dorian Gray

The Picture of Dorian Gray Free Online Research Papers There are many scenes which may be considered essential for the understanding of a novel, and after the reading of which we have a full view of the author’s intentions in relation to the plot. In The Picture of Dorian Gray ,the fragment which I’m going to analyse it is, in my opinion, fundamental for the novel, for it representes the first encouter of the main characters. I consider that this is one of the most important parts of the book, for it reveals the personalities of the characters ,it shows what effect words can have on a person, and is the key for the whole novel. The action is set in the urban surroundings of London , around 1890’s, on a day of June, in Basil Hallward’s studio, a well-known artist, who is preparing to paint the portrait of a most beautiful young man, Dorian Gray. Basil is the one who introduces Lord Henry Wotton, an old gentleman, to Dorian Gray. The moment of their encounter announces a turbulance not only in Dorian Gray’s behaviour in that precise instant, but also the change Lord Henry will produce in his life: †When he caught sight of Lord Henry, a faint blush coloured his cheeks for a moment, and he started up.† Lord Henry is immediately interested in the young boy, he is impressed by his purity, his candour of youth: †There was something in his face that made one trust him at once.All the candour of youth was there, as well as all youth’s passionate purity. One felt that he had kept himself unspotted from the world.† From this moment Lord Henry felt an attraction towar ds him, but his feelings for Dorian were entirely different from what Basil felt . Whereas Basil wanted to keep Dorian away from all cruelties of this world, Henry became interested in his naivite, purity, innocence, only to satisfy his own curiosity. Dorian is presented as a very beautiful person, he has blue eyes – symbol of idealism; red lips – shows a touch of sensuality; golden hair – all these give him the appearance of an angel, a romantic character. The author used colored words to describe the human body, he is constantly observing the character’s expressions: the curves and expressions which are formed with the lips †parted lips†, †a faint smile passed across his lips†, †he bite his lip.† The face and he cheeks are under Wilde’s close observation: white, flushed cheeks. Lord Henry is the one who steps forward and extends his hand, he is the one to make the first step, he has the initiative, and not only does he manipulate the conversation in the direction he chooses, but also Dorian Gray’s thoughts. Being a great man of words, he began talking to Dorian at once, on a serious tone, with clarity, expressing an opinion that would arouse the young boy’s interest in him: †You are too charming to go in for philanthropy, Mr. Gray – far too charming.† At this remark, Basil glanced at him, hesitated, and asked him to leave, because he knew Lord Henry’s temper better than anyone. But this attempt, came too late, for Dorian was already charmed by the new comer, because he was so unlike Basil, and took his side. When Henry asked, smiling, †Am I to go, Mr. Gray?†, he was confident that the boy’s answer would be in his favour. This explains Lord’s Henry’s strategy. He tells Dorian many life theories but Dorian has the impression that those ideas came from himself, so he wouldn’t blame Lord Henry, but instead would be thankful.When Dorian got on the platform for Basilto draw his picture, he looked like a Greek martyr. It is known that in the tragedies, the main characters suffered and usually died at the end of a play. Mostly because they commited hybris ;in this case, we might consider Dorian’s desire to live his life fully and also his beauty as a hybris for which he is to be punished. For Dorian, Basil and Lord Henry made a delightful contrast because they were so different. Basil warned him not to listen, or to pay attention to what Henry says, because he had a bad influence over all Basil’s friends. Basil’s words had another effect upon him, and he begun to inquire Henry about his influence being bad. In his defense Lord Henry responded that there was no such thing as a good influence, †all influence is immoral immoral from the s cientific point of view.† Only one question came from the lips of the young boy †Why?†, and Lord Henry had the perfect occasion to pour his †wise† ideeas into the boy’s mind. While Basil coordinates him in the physical way ( he tells him how to turn his head, how to stand), Lord Henry indoctrinates him with his radical theories. He induces the hedonistic idea that if a man was to live his life fully and completly, every dream would come true, he would give form to every expression, feeling to every thought, so the world would gain a fresh impulse of joy – the return to the Hellenic ideal (to see things as they really are, in their beauty). †But the bravest man amongst us is afraid of himself†¦Courage has gone out of the race† – saying this he challenged Dorian Gray. Henry proposes a return to the Hellenic ideal, to the sensibilities of ancient Greek where the appreciation of beauty reigned. He thinks that the present mode of living is marked by a morality that demands self – denial. He also says that if we denie ourselves something, this brings only a stronger desire for what has been denied. Another theory is that t he body is free from sin. He says that the greatest sins take place only in the brain so the body is not expose to them. †You have had passions, that had made you afraid, thoughts that had fined you with terror, day – dreams and sleeping dreams whose mere memory might stain your cheek with shame.† Hearing these, Dorian feels that he can stand it no more and shouts „Stop. Let me think, or rather let me try not to think† – from now on he can think of nothing else but Lord Henry’s words. Motionless, with parted lips and eyes, he stood there. In all this time Basil was creating his portrait, and he realized that it was the best expression Dorian could have, he even thinks that it was going to be his life’s masterpiece. But he was not aware of what mecanism had brought it to surface. Basil admits that Dorian had had †some subtle influence over him†, and it is this influence that Basil is certain that his painting reveals. Despite all his attempts to get distance from what he was hearing, Dorian Gray is bewildered by what Henry says, for a moment he trys to resist, to oppose, he struggles within himself. He had never thought of such things before, and all of a sudden those words, ideas made sense for him, and such an intensity had Henry’s words, that he even had the impression that they have come really from himself. His words troubled him, they seemed to him to aquire a form of themselves. From this moment life became to him fiery – coloured, †it seemed to him that he had been walking in fire. Why had he not know it? Why had it been left for a stranger to reveal him to himself?†He had a revelation, and felt that he had been blind , that he lived in darkness and now a whole new world opened to him. Voice and silence are two words which are outstanding. Characteristic to Lord Henry is voice: with his beautiful, low, musical voice he has captured Dorian’s atention. Characteristic to Dorian is silence, he seems to be particularly sensitive to the effect of the human voice. Silence is suggestive , Wilde watches his characters while they are speaking, and describes their behaviour. Lord Henry’s words awake wild passions and mad desires in Dorian, and he cannot resist them. All this time Lord Henry was watching with a subtle smile his every move, every change that took place within himself; he knew what storm he had created within him and knew the precise psychological moment when to say nothing. He was amazed at the sudden impression that his words produced, †how fascinated the lad was.† Henry’s words meant to him everything, even if they were said at chance, †and with wilful paradox in them.† He had only made an experiment. To Wilde, words were material and real:†Words! Mere words! How terrible they were! How clear,and vivid, and cruel!One could not escape of them.And yet what a subtle magic there was in them! Mere words! Was there anything so real as words?† In a letter, Wilde stated that the main characters of The Picture of Dorian Gray are in different ways reflections of himself: Basil Hallward is what I think I am; Lord Henry what the world thinks me; Dorian what I would like to be- in other ages, perhaps. In this scene, Lord Henry seems to play the role of Mephistophel, he is an evil counsel, and the moment when he is attentive to Dorian, that smile on his face showed that he too was delighted by what was happening, by the force he had on the boy. We are given the impression that we have two artists: Lord Henry,the artist, who modeled his living material: †to a large extent the lad was his own creation.†On the other hand , we have Basil,who pictures Dorian’s portrait. Basil, however, did not work with his mind, but with his body, he modeled him not directly, and at any rate, Lord Henry’s modelation had brought his inner change, the picture was only a way of seeing the state of degradation of his soul. While Lord Henry exercises influence over other characters primarily through his skillful use of language, it is Dorian’s beauty that seduces the characters with whom he associates. The principal exponents of the dialogue and the plot are Lord Henry and Dorian Gray.The mental things are much in the foreground. From this scene we can observe that the relation between Henry and Dorian dominates, and the one between him and Basil is put on a second step.This is the way in which the action continues throughout the book, Dorian Gray remains haunted by Lord Henry’s words, surrounded by an atmosphere of moral corruption. All in all, this scene is representative for the novel, and it stands as one of the most relevant for the relations between characters. It presents the inner world of soul and mind, and the impact words have on an influencible person, how they can change one’s life completly. Bibliography: 1. Oscar Wilde. The Picture of Dorian Gray. London: Penguin Popular Classics, 1994 2. Andrew Sanders. The Short History of English Literature.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993 3. Aatos Ojala. Aestheticism and Oscar Wilde( Part II: Literary Style).Helsinki, 1995 Research Papers on The Picture of Dorian GrayMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Fifth HorsemanWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings The Picture of Dorian Gray Free Online Research Papers In The Picture of Dorian Gray, the character, Dorian Gray goes through a major transformation. His major concern throughout the book is himself, which makes the internal conflict in the novel is man vs. himself. When the novel begins, Dorian is an intellectual young man who is greatly influenced by Henry. Lord Henry and Dorian Gray are almost inseparable. He fills his head with ideas of pleasure and vanity. When Dorian, known to Sibyl as â€Å"Prince Charming†, is engaged, he is immediately transformed. He barely knows Sibyl, and yet, he defends her on many occasions and speaks of marriage as if he has been married for years. â€Å"’This is,’ interrupted Dorian, ‘You must admit, Harry, that women give to men the very gold of their lives’† (86) This shows that Dorian seems to feel emotionally attached to a woman that he has known for only a short while. While Lord Henry and Dorian discuss the marriage arrangement, Basil observes that Dorian is not the same man. Dorian becomes a cold-hearted man when he watches Sibyl play Juliet in the play Romeo and Juliet. Her performance was terrible and Dorian is very angry with her. At the end of the play, Sibyl explains to Dorian that she cannot act when she knows how true love really is. Dorian then tells her that she has killed his love and that he no longer wishes to marry her. Clearly, this is a different mindset than when he discusses her with Lord Henry. When he goes home, he sees the painting that Basil had painted of him and it has â€Å"lines of cruelty round the mouth† (98) He believes that the painting is his conscience and he is determined to make everything right again. He claims that he will apologize to Sybil and ask marry her. When Dorian receives the news that Sybil has killed herself because of him, his callous nature returns. At fist, he feels remorse, and yet, a few moments later, he blames Sybil’s death on Sybil and even has the nerve to call her â€Å"selfish†. He checks the portrait to see if it has changed, but it has not. Dorian relies on the portrait because of his selfish nature of good looks and sins. The portrait corrupts Dorian. It even causes his him to commit the murder of his once good friend, Basil after he tells Dorian to confess. The portrait also caused Dorian to blackmail Campbell. He wrote something on a piece of paper to get him to help with the corpse of Basil. Dorian becomes so wrapped up in hiding his portrait and the fact that he murdered Basil, that he forgets to enjoy the pleasures that he gave his soul for. When he turns to opium to solve his problems, he meets Sybil’s brother, who begins choking him. Dorian’s corrupt and selfish nature continues throughout the book. He is glad when he finds that Sybil’s brother is dead. This selfish and corrupt nature eventually leads to his own death. The style of the author is very different from the style of the other three novels. The style is less laid-back. It is more intellectual. The characters talk as if they were scholars. I did not like this style as much as I liked the writing style of Ken Kesey. Oscar Wilde also was not as straight forward as everyone else. He used a lot of imagery and personification. I really enjoyed reading this book. I think that I can relate to Dorian’s longing for youth and beauty. I am very much concerned about my appearance, as is Dorian, and it is good to think that I would not do something as drastic as sell my soul to preserve my youth. Research Papers on The Picture of Dorian GrayHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCapital PunishmentThe Spring and AutumnThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings